Cancer Treatments

A grey-haired middle aged woman of Māori descent, walks hand in hand with her grandchild in a green paddock.

Types of cancer treatment in New Zealand

What your doctor will consider

Everyone’s cancer is different. This means your doctor may recommend treatment that differs from other people with the same type of cancer.

Your doctor will consider several factors before recommending your treatment approach.
These factors may include:

The type of cancer you have
Where your cancer started (its primary site)
Whether the cancer has spread
Specific features of your cancer
Your general health and age
Your treatment preferences

Here’s a brief summary of the types of cancer treatments available in New Zealand.

Immunotherapy

Your immune system is your body’s natural defence against diseases, including cancer. Cancer immunotherapy helps your immune system do what it is designed to do: help your own body fight cancer.

Immunotherapy may be given to patients who have just been diagnosed with certain types of advanced cancer or in some cases to patients whose cancer has come back after the initial treatment.

In other cases, it may be given to patients with certain earlier-stage cancers.

Immunotherapy may be given alone or in combination with other treatments, such as chemotherapy.

Click here to watch a video and learn more about immunotherapy.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy, or “chemo”, is a medication that helps kill cancer or slow its growth.

One of the features of cancer cells is that they grow out of control by dividing rapidly. Chemotherapy works by targeting cells in the body that are dividing rapidly.

Chemotherapy may be your main treatment. It can be used alone or as part of a plan that includes other treatments. This could be before, after or at the same time as other treatments.

Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy is also known as radiotherapy. It uses high-powered X-ray beams to help kill cancer cells or stop them from growing or spreading. The treatment usually targets the area with the cancer. It doesn’t generally affect the rest of the body.

Radiation therapy may be your main treatment. It can be used alone or as part of a plan that includes other treatments. This could be before, after or at the same time as other treatments.

An icon of a scalpel cutting along a dotted line.

Surgery

Surgery involves cutting into the body to remove all or part of a cancer. It can also be used to repair a part of the body that cancer has harmed.

Surgery might be the only treatment needed for some early-stage cancers. If a cancer is too big and can’t be fully removed, doctors might take out as much as possible to help other treatments work better.

Surgery may not be the best treatment for cancer that has spread to other parts of the body.

An icon of a cancer cell being marked as a target.

Targeted Therapy

These medicines are designed to target specific parts of cancer cells to stop them from growing. Because of their targeted nature, they may be able to damage cancer cells without harming normal cells.

Your doctor may suggest targeted therapy before or after surgery. It may be used if your cancer does not respond to other treatments or if your cancer comes back after treatment. Targeted therapy may also be used as a long-term treatment to help prevent cancer from returning or control its growth.

Hormone Therapy

Hormones are chemical messengers that are naturally produced by our body to help us grow, enable reproduction and keep us healthy.

In some cancers, these hormones can fuel a cancer’s growth. Hormone therapies block these hormones to help to slow the growth of the cancer.

Hormone therapy may be given before surgery or radiation therapy to reduce the size of the cancer. It may also be given after other treatment to reduce the chance of cancer coming back.

The information on this website should be discussed with your healthcare professional and does not replace their advice.

Immunotherapy

KEYTRUDA® (pembrolizumab) 100 mg/4 mL concentrate solution for infusion is a Prescription Medicine. KEYTRUDA has risks and benefits. The KEYTRUDA Consumer Medicine Information (CMI) is available at www.medsafe.govt.nz or by clicking the 'Consumer Medicine Information' button at the top of this page.

IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION

You should not be given KEYTRUDA if you are allergic to pembrolizumab or to any of the following inactive ingredients: histidine, histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, sucrose, polysorbate-80, water for injection.

Tell your doctor if you have a disease of your immune system such as Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, or lupus; have had an organ transplant or have had a bone marrow (stem cell) transplant that used donor stem cells (allogeneic); have pneumonia or swelling of your lungs (called pneumonitis); or have liver problems.

If you are pregnant, think you may be pregnant or are planning to have a baby, tell your doctor. KEYTRUDA can cause harm or death to your unborn baby. Effective contraception must be used during treatment with KEYTRUDA and for at least 4 months after the last dose of KEYTRUDA for woman who could become pregnant.

If you are breastfeeding, tell your doctor. Do not breastfeed while taking KEYTRUDA.

Tell your doctor if you are taking any other medicines, including medicines that can be bought without a prescription from a pharmacy, supermarket or health food shop, or other medicines that make the immune system weak. Examples of these may include steroids, such as prednisone.

What are the possible side effects of KEYTRUDA?

KEYTRUDA can have some serious side effects. These side effects can sometimes become life-threatening and can lead to death. These side effects may happen any time during treatment or even after treatment has ended. More than one side effect can be experienced at the same time.

Call or see your doctor right away if you develop any of the following symptoms:

Lung problems:
Signs and symptoms of lung problems may include shortness of breath, chest pain, or coughing.

Intestinal problems:
Signs and symptoms of problems with your intestines may include diarrhoea or more bowel movements than usual, stools that are black, tarry, sticky, or have blood or mucus, or severe stomach pain or tenderness.

Liver problems:
Signs and symptoms of liver problems may include nausea or vomiting, feeling less hungry, pain on the right side of your stomach, your skin looks yellow, the whites of your eyes look yellow, dark urine or you bleed or bruise more easily than normal.

Hormone gland problems (especially the thyroid, pituitary, adrenal glands):
Signs and symptoms of hormone gland problems may include rapid heartbeat, weight loss or weight gain, increased sweating, hair loss, feeling cold, constipation, your voice gets deeper, muscle aches, dizziness or fainting, or headaches that will not go away or unusual headache.

Kidney problems:
Signs and symptoms of kidney problems may include change in the amount or colour of your urine.

Blood sugar problems:
Signs and symptoms of blood sugar problems may include feeling more hungry or thirsty, needing to urinate more often or weight loss.

Skin problems:
Signs and symptoms of skin problems may include rash, itching, blisters, peeling or skin sores, or ulcers in mouth or in lining of nose, throat, or genital area.

Problems in other organs:
Signs and symptoms of problems in other organs may include muscle pain or weakness; changes in eyesight; stomach area pain with nausea and vomiting (pancreatitis); shortness of breath, irregular heartbeat, feeling tired, or chest pain (myocarditis); confusion, fever, memory problems, or seizures (encephalitis); swollen lymph nodes, rash or tender lumps on skin, cough, or eye pain (sarcoidosis); pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the arms or legs, bladder or bowel problems including needing to urinate more frequently, urinary incontinence, difficulty urinating and constipation (myelitis); inflammation of the blood vessels (vasculitis); decreased function of the parathyroid gland, which may include muscle cramps or spasms, fatigue and weakness (hypoparathyroidism); inflammation of the stomach lining, which may include severe stomach pain or tenderness, nausea or vomiting (gastritis); destruction of red blood cells, which may include dark urine, pale or yellow skin/eyes, lightheadedness, feeling tired, rapid heartbeat, or shortness of breath (haemolytic anaemia), or pain in the upper right part of the stomach, swelling of the liver or spleen, fatigue, itching or yellowing of the skin or whites of eyes (sclerosing cholangitis) ; or decreased ability of the pancreas to make digestive enzymes, which may include diarrhoea with loose and oily stools, weight loss, metabolic bone disease, and vitamin or mineral deficiencies (exocrine pancreatic insufficiency).

Infusion (IV) reactions:
Signs and symptoms of infusion reactions may include shortness of breath, itching or rash, dizziness or fever.

Rejection of a transplanted organ:
People who have had an organ transplant may have an increased risk of organ transplant rejection. Your doctor should tell you what signs and symptoms you should report and monitor you, depending on the type of organ transplant that you have had.

Graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD) in people with bone marrow (stem cell) transplant that uses donor stem cells (allogeneic):
GVHD may occur if you had this transplant in the past. Your doctor will monitor you for the following signs and symptoms: skin rash, liver inflammation, abdominal pain, and diarrhoea.

Common side effects:
Common side effects (may affect more than 1 in 10 people) include: diarrhoea, nausea, itching, rash, joint pain, back pain, feeling tired, cough, patches of skin which have lost colour, stomach pain, decreased sodium levels in the blood and low levels of thyroid hormone.

Common side effects (reported in more than 1 in 5 people) when KEYTRUDA was given in combination with chemotherapy include: hair loss, feeling tired, diarrhoea, vomiting, rash, fever, decrease in white blood cell count, decreased appetite, joint pain, swelling of the lining of the digestive system (for example mouth, intestines) and mouth sores.

The most common side effects when KEYTRUDA is given in combination with axitinib are: diarrhoea, high blood pressure, fatigue, low levels of thyroid hormone, decreased appetite, blisters or rash on the palms of your hands or soles of your feet, nausea, increase in liver enzyme levels, hoarseness, cough and constipation.

The most common side effects when KEYTRUDA is given in combination with lenvatinib are: high blood pressure, diarrhoea, feeling tired, decreased appetite, low levels of thyroid hormone, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, joint pain, headache, constipation, hoarseness, urinary tract infection, stomach-area (abdominal) pain, blisters or rash on the palms of your hands and soles of your feet, rash, protein in your urine, increase in liver enzyme levels, feeling weak.

The most common side effects when KEYTRUDA is given alone to children are: fever, vomiting, headache, stomach pain, decrease in number of red blood cells, cough, and constipation.

Less common side effects can happen. KEYTRUDA may cause other side effects that are not listed. If you have any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away, tell your doctor.

For more information, please talk to your doctor.

KEYTRUDA may be used in adults to treat certain cancers when the cancer has spread (metastatic) or cannot be removed by surgery (unresectable), such as:

melanoma
non-small cell lung cancer
urothelial carcinoma
head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
renal cell carcinoma
oesophageal carcinoma
cervical cancer
endometrial carcinoma
triple-negative breast cancer
cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma
a kind of cancer that can occur in any part of the body and is shown by a laboratory test to be microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) or mismatch repair deficient (dMMR)
colon or rectal cancer that is shown by a laboratory test to be MSI-H or dMMR

KEYTRUDA may also be used in adults:

after surgery to remove melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, or renal cell carcinoma to help prevent the cancer from coming back
before surgery to treat triple-negative breast cancer and then continued after surgery to help prevent the cancer from coming back
to treat bladder cancer which has not spread to nearby tissues but is at high-risk of spreading and where bladder removal is not preferred
to treat classical Hodgkin Lymphoma (cHL) that has returned or when other treatments have not worked

KEYTRUDA may be used in children with cHL, MSI-H or dMMR cancer, or after surgery to remove melanoma. It is not known if KEYTRUDA is safe and effective in children with MSI-H or dMMR cancer of the brain or spinal cord (central nervous system cancers).

KEYTRUDA may sometimes be given in combination with other anti-cancer medicines.

Based on the KEYTRUDA Consumer Medicines Information and Data Sheet dated 23^rd January 2024.

Ask your doctor if KEYTRUDA is right for you. If symptoms continue or you have side effects, see your doctor, pharmacist, or health professional.

KEYTRUDA is funded for the treatment of patients with melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer which has spread (metastatic), or is advanced and cannot be removed by surgery – restrictions apply. KEYTRUDA is not funded for the treatment of all other cancers listed above.

Ask your health professional about the cost of the medicine and any other medical fees that may apply.

Merck Sharp & Dohme (New Zealand) Limited, Level 3, 123 Carlton Gore Road, Newmarket, Auckland.

TAPS NP20132 TAPS DA 2339KN NZ-KEY-00885 Last updated April 2024